"I Need to Trust This Record in Court": How We're Designing AI for Social Workers
What user interface best supports an AI-powered chronology drafting tool?
Artificial intelligence could streamline the process of creating chronologies in children's social care and beyond. But which interface design will best enable social workers to complete chronologies quickly, accurately, and using their professional judgment?
We spoke to 50 practitioners and experts over the last 2 months. Here are some of our insights.
Why Chronologies Matter
A chronology is a time-sequenced overview of a person’s significant life events. These are essential for court documents, safeguarding and person-centred support. But creating them can be a headache:
- Time-Intensive: Sifting through case notes eats up hours.
- Inconsistent: Different workers prioritise different events.
- Laborious: Nobody enters social work to do paperwork.
Stakes are high. One missed event or wrong date can undermine the entire record.
AI Might Help - But It's Complicated
AI tooling could potentially speed up event identification and summarisation. But determining what life events are ‘significant’ is a subjective judgment, requiring expertise and nuance.
AI models can also hallucinate, creating plausible-sounding errors that could have serious consequences.
At HelpFirst, we’re tackling these problems in two ways: improving our models, and creating interfaces that support social workers to spot and fix mistakes. Read on for some examples we’ve considered, and our hunches about them.
User Interface #1: Simple Document Export
This is a basic approach - a web app generates an editable file for download:
Pros
- Fast: The AI compiles a draft in seconds.
Cons
- Prone to Errors: Static files offer no structured way to check AI-generated statements.
- Prone to Bias: Workflow doesn’t require human-in-the-loop. Potential risks include:
- Automation Bias: Over-reliance on AI outputs.
- Coherence Heuristic: Perceiving well-written text as more credible.
- Authority Bias: Assuming AI is more trustworthy than human judgement.
So, we think this user interface is not the one! We need to build in human verification, encourage critical thinking, and connect each AI suggestion to its source.
User Interface #2: Significant Events for Review
The AI scans documents and proposes significant events for users to confirm, edit, or reject.
First, the system highlights relevant text that supports a proposed significant event:
Then, every entry requires explicit user approval. Social workers can add missing events or correct inaccuracies:
User Interface #3: Human-Led Extraction of Events
Social workers highlight important paragraphs, and the AI structures them.
The workflow is:
- User selects text they consider important.
- AI offers a concise summary with date, event, impact, and action fields.
- User reviews and finalises the entry.
A Potential Add-On: Personalisation
We’ve heard that 10 social workers writing a chronology of the same person would create 10 quite different outputs, which could all be equally valid and useful.
We think something that could enhance the functionality of all of these user interfaces is personalising the outputs to the social worker. Social workers would upload examples of their past chronologies. The AI learns their style and preferences.
What's Next
We'll be workshopping these UIs with social workers, council leaders and experts over the coming weeks. We want to ensure our tools genuinely serve those who need them most.
Have thoughts to share? Know someone we should talk to? Get in touch. We're eager to hear from practitioners, decision-makers and researchers alike.
“If you could do this well, I think you’ll be everybody’s favourite person.” — Children's Social Worker
The Priority Services Register (PSR) is a key tool that energy suppliers use to fulfil their responsibilities to vulnerable customers. But there isn't just one register. Every energy company has their own PSR and the application forms vary unpredictably from supplier to supplier.
As part of our CivTech Challenge, we’ve been researching best practice across the industry. We were left with lots of questions:
- Why is 'restricted hand movement' a vulnerability that almost all suppliers assess?
- Why are archaic phrases like ‘bedridden’ used?
- Why does only one supplier check if their vulnerable customers use ‘electric showering’?
Alas, we weren't able to fully answer these questions. But here’s a visual guide to various PSR forms, so you can get an overview of the landscape.
Overview
We accessed PSR application forms for Ovo Energy, British Gas, SSE, Octopus, EDF, Shell and Utilita. For many other suppliers, access is restricted.
The first observation is that the application forms are extremely varied:
- We’ve grouped questions into categories to make things a bit easier to read, however the forms themselves come in very different structures. Some offer all their options in one long list, some separate into smaller sections. Some only show certain sections once a customer has selected a particular option (e.g. selecting ‘sight loss’ gets you extra questions on the Shell application).
- Several vulnerabilities are only mentioned by one supplier. Only one asks about autism, and another asks about breathing difficulties. The following options only showed up once: ‘female presence preferred’, ‘longer time to answer the door’ and ‘bedridden’.
- For sensory needs: ‘blind’ and ‘partially sighted’ are separate options in all the forms. 'Hearing impairment' and 'deaf' are combined in half the forms and the former is not asked at all in one. This may be contentious, as hearing impairment and being deaf are very different conditions.
- Some suppliers include options for accessible information provision in the same form (i.e. braille, large print letters, etc.) Others link to an additional form, or do not reference it at all.
- When temporary conditions are mentioned, only some suppliers allow the customer to select a date when they believe the condition will no longer apply.
- Most of the forms are multiple choice, limiting to what the supplier chooses to ask about. Occasionally the supplier (e.g. EDF) gives the customer a larger space to talk about their conditions, equipment and needs in more detail.
Next, we dive deeper into the application forms.
Medical Conditions2
EDF’s application form has the highest number of options related to medical conditions (20 in total) with British Gas and Utilita featuring the lowest (13). EDF also features options which cover multiple medical conditions (e.g. 'breathing difficulties', 'disability benefits') more frequently than other suppliers. SSE has the highest number of options for learning and mental health related conditions (including 'dyslexia', 'autism', 'learning difficulties' and 'anxiety/depression').
There is some overlap within options, which could be confusing. For example, SSE lists both ‘developmental condition’ and ‘autism’ separately, even though the latter is a type of the former. Another example is the ‘mental ill health’ and ‘anxiety/depression’ options, again found in the SSE form. It is not clear if customers should tick both or only the more specific option.
All organisations feature options to indicate older age, however they specify a variety of different ages as the lower threshold, including: 60+, 65+, 'pensionable age' or 'pensioner'. British Gas have two separate options relating to older age ('pensionable age (65 and over)' and 'age 75 and over').
There is some degree of consistency across organisations. This appears to be where specific conditions have been mentioned within the Ofgem guidance (for instance, 'restricted hand movement' appears in all but one form, in spite of the fact this is a very specific need).
Language Used
The language used across suppliers is very inconsistent. SSE uses ‘hard of hearing’ and ‘deaf’ to describe hearing loss-related needs, while other suppliers employ terms such as ‘hearing impairment’ or ‘hearing impaired’.
Some options have multiple potential meanings: ‘carer’ could refer to the respondent either needing a carer or being a carer for someone else.
All suppliers ask about speech and language difficulties and broader language barriers. However there is no shared way of asking whether a customer speaks English. Variations include: 'unable to communicate in English', 'language barrier' and 'foreign language speaker'.
‘Unable to communicate in English’ (used by Octopus and Ovo) is somewhat ambiguous. Customers might take it to mean having a different first language or having a speech condition. The requirements are quite different: with the former you could use an interpreter or multilingual support, with the latter you would need different support.
Medical Equipment3
Options Offered
British Gas do not offer any specific options for types of medical equipment: they solely offer the generic category ‘mains powered electric medical equipment’. All other organisations surveyed have more specific options. These are broadly consistent across suppliers with some more limited options (e.g. ‘wheelchair’, ‘MDE electric showering’).
Most organisations (bar British Gas and EDF) also ask about reliance on water.
Language Used
It is unclear what is meant by the ‘life support’ option used by EDF. Often the phrase ‘life support machine’ refers to a ventilator, but EDF also have a separate option for ‘heart and lung ventilators’. It could mean life support as a condition or set of needs but that seems too broad for the PSR.
Temporary Changes
In a rare show of unanimity, all suppliers offer the same options for temporary changes.
householder <18
and under
Other Questions
Passwords
All suppliers offered the option of setting up a password or PIN. This is usually so a technician can state this password as an additional security measure on home visits. Two suppliers required a 6-letter password, one an 8-letter password and one a 10-letter password. A final supplier did not specify length. An unfortunate side effect of this variation is that if an individual were to move supplier, they may need to change their password and remember a new one. (Note: not shown in an infographic.)
Life Scenarios
Varying from the multiple choice standard, Shell veer into first person narratives. In their ‘Nominee Scheme’ section of the form, they feature an additional tick box option: ‘I can be easily confused and worried by communications from my energy supplier’. When asking about meter support they offer: ‘I have a prepayment meter and no-one in my household is able to safely read it or top it up’.
Accessibility Information4
Organisations vary on including accessibility questions on their PSR form. Ovo offers seven different accessibility options for receiving information, while Shell offers a single broad range checkbox.
Conclusions
Suppliers diverge considerably in what information they collect on their customers to register them for Priority Services support.
On our travels we encountered the aspiration to create a more standardised or universal PSR. Initiatives like the Vulnerability Registration Service and Experian’s Support Hub aim in this direction. In the future we are keen to explore the user experience of these services and how they aid vulnerable customers.
In the meantime, we hope this analysis will prove useful if you are looking to improve the experience of vulnerable energy customers. Any questions or comments, contact harriet@helpfirst.ai. We’d love to hear from you!
Footnotes
- SSE was acquired by Ovo Energy in 2020. They hadn't completed their move over when we started this research and were still registering people to their PSR. We’ve included them in this analysis as their approach was interesting with many mental health and developmental condition-type questions.
- Some questions have been condensed in the infographics. Numbers referenced in the discussion refer to the full options as available on the questionnaires, but the infographics demonstrate a condensed version for brevity and ease of visualisation. Full original data is available on request.
- 'Heart/lung machine & ventilator' is the most common formulation of question regarding this equipment. However EDF separates these questions into: 'heart/lung machine' and 'ventilator'.
- Octopus and British Gas do not ask about accessibility. Shell only offers a general ‘accessible information’ needs tick box if the customer has earlier selected that they have a visual impairment. This does not mean they do not record this information elsewhere, where these questions did not appear on their forms we were not able to verify what (or if) they ask about accessible information.
